1. Directions: This section contains seven short reading passages. Each passage is followed by several questions based on its content. Answering the questions is following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. You may write in your test booklet.

Passage 1

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

The passage is mainly about the

2. According to the passage, alchemists are generally portrayed in history books as

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that a “charlatan”

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

4. The style of the passage is most like that found in a

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

5. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

6. The following questions are all answered by the passage EXCEPT:

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

7. Which of these titles is the most appropriate for the passage?

Alchemy is the name given to the attempt to change lead, copper, and other metals
into silver or gold. Today, alchemy is regarded as a pseudoscience. Its associations
with astrology and the occult suggest primitive superstition to the modern mind, and the
Alchemist is generally portrayed by historians as a charlatan obsessed with dreams of the apparatuses and procedures that are used in laboratories today. Moreover, the
results of their experiments laid the basic conceptual framework of the modern science
of chemistry.

8. Passage 2.

Before a joint session of Congress in January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
outlined his plan for a post-World War I peace settlement. Known as the Fourteen
Points, Wilson’s plan is best remembered for its first point, which declared that
international diplomacy should be conducted in the open and that quiet, unpublicized
diplomacy should be made illegal. Wilson believed that public diplomacy would end the
threat of war by preventing immoral national leaders from secretly plotting aggressive
actions against others.

Although Wilson was a highly intelligent and well-meaning man, he lacked insight
into the complexities of international politics. Contrary to Wilson’s belief, war rarely
results from the behind-the-scenes plotting of unscrupulous national leaders. Rather,
war usually stems from unresolved disagreements among nations- disagreements over
territory, access to resources, and so forth. Even if quiet diplomacy could be
eliminated, these disagreements would still remain, as would the threat of war.

The second paragraph of this passage is primarily about

9. The attitude of the writer toward the subject is

efore a joint session of Congress in January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
outlined his plan for a post-World War I peace settlement. Known as the Fourteen
Points, Wilson’s plan is best remembered for its first point, which declared that
international diplomacy should be conducted in the open and that quiet, unpublicized
diplomacy should be made illegal. Wilson believed that public diplomacy would end the
threat of war by preventing immoral national leaders from secretly plotting aggressive
actions against others.

Although Wilson was a highly intelligent and well-meaning man, he lacked insight
into the complexities of international politics. Contrary to Wilson’s belief, war rarely
results from the behind-the-scenes plotting of unscrupulous national leaders. Rather,
war usually stems from unresolved disagreements among nations- disagreements over
territory, access to resources, and so forth. Even if quiet diplomacy could be
eliminated, these disagreements would still remain, as would the threat of war.

10. The author would most likely agree that war between country A and country B would
result from which of the following situations?

efore a joint session of Congress in January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
outlined his plan for a post-World War I peace settlement. Known as the Fourteen
Points, Wilson’s plan is best remembered for its first point, which declared that
international diplomacy should be conducted in the open and that quiet, unpublicized
diplomacy should be made illegal. Wilson believed that public diplomacy would end the
threat of war by preventing immoral national leaders from secretly plotting aggressive
actions against others.

Although Wilson was a highly intelligent and well-meaning man, he lacked insight
into the complexities of international politics. Contrary to Wilson’s belief, war rarely
results from the behind-the-scenes plotting of unscrupulous national leaders. Rather,
war usually stems from unresolved disagreements among nations- disagreements over
territory, access to resources, and so forth. Even if quiet diplomacy could be
eliminated, these disagreements would still remain, as would the threat of war.

11. Why does the author say that open diplomacy would not prevent war?

efore a joint session of Congress in January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
outlined his plan for a post-World War I peace settlement. Known as the Fourteen
Points, Wilson’s plan is best remembered for its first point, which declared that
international diplomacy should be conducted in the open and that quiet, unpublicized
diplomacy should be made illegal. Wilson believed that public diplomacy would end the
threat of war by preventing immoral national leaders from secretly plotting aggressive
actions against others.

Although Wilson was a highly intelligent and well-meaning man, he lacked insight
into the complexities of international politics. Contrary to Wilson’s belief, war rarely
results from the behind-the-scenes plotting of unscrupulous national leaders. Rather,
war usually stems from unresolved disagreements among nations- disagreements over
territory, access to resources, and so forth. Even if quiet diplomacy could be
eliminated, these disagreements would still remain, as would the threat of war.

12. All of the following questions can be answered by the passage EXCEPT:

efore a joint session of Congress in January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
outlined his plan for a post-World War I peace settlement. Known as the Fourteen
Points, Wilson’s plan is best remembered for its first point, which declared that
international diplomacy should be conducted in the open and that quiet, unpublicized
diplomacy should be made illegal. Wilson believed that public diplomacy would end the
threat of war by preventing immoral national leaders from secretly plotting aggressive
actions against others.

Although Wilson was a highly intelligent and well-meaning man, he lacked insight
into the complexities of international politics. Contrary to Wilson’s belief, war rarely
results from the behind-the-scenes plotting of unscrupulous national leaders. Rather,
war usually stems from unresolved disagreements among nations- disagreements over
territory, access to resources, and so forth. Even if quiet diplomacy could be
eliminated, these disagreements would still remain, as would the threat of war.

13. Which of the following is the author most likely to discuss next?

efore a joint session of Congress in January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
outlined his plan for a post-World War I peace settlement. Known as the Fourteen
Points, Wilson’s plan is best remembered for its first point, which declared that
international diplomacy should be conducted in the open and that quiet, unpublicized
diplomacy should be made illegal. Wilson believed that public diplomacy would end the
threat of war by preventing immoral national leaders from secretly plotting aggressive
actions against others.

Although Wilson was a highly intelligent and well-meaning man, he lacked insight
into the complexities of international politics. Contrary to Wilson’s belief, war rarely
results from the behind-the-scenes plotting of unscrupulous national leaders. Rather,
war usually stems from unresolved disagreements among nations- disagreements over
territory, access to resources, and so forth. Even if quiet diplomacy could be
eliminated, these disagreements would still remain, as would the threat of war.

14. Passage 3

Most people would agree that obedience to authority is necessary. Without
obedience it would be difficult, if not impossible, for society to function.
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the
United States in the 1960s went toward answering this question. The experiment is too
(5) complex to describe here in detail, but it showed that most people will obey authority

even if it goes against what they think is morally right. Subjects were deceived by the
experimenter into thinking that they were inflicting pain on others by electric shocks.
The experimenters told the subjects that what they were doing was important for
science and that they must continue to administer the shocks. The finding was that
(10) about 65 percent of subjects in the experiment regularly administered what they

believed to be very painful shocks.
Some people have suggested that the phenomenon could to some extent explain the
horrific acts of men such as Adolf Eichmann and the other Nazi officials responsible for
Hitler’s Holocaust. At their trial after World War II, Eichmann and the others
(15) consistently maintained that they did not act out of hatred or cruelty but because they

had been ordered to do so by their superiors.
Stanley Millgram himself observed, “It is psychologically easy to ignore
responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action. Thus there
is a fragmentation of the total human act: no one decides to carry out the evil act and is
( 2 0 ) confronted with its consequences.”

In context, which of the following is the best word or phrase to insert at the beginning of
the second sentence?

15. Which of the following is the best sentence to insert at the end of the first paragraph!?

Most people would agree that obedience to authority is necessary. Without
obedience it would be difficult, if not impossible, for society to function.
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the
United States in the 1960s went toward answering this question. The experiment is too
(5) complex to describe here in detail, but it showed that most people will obey authority

even if it goes against what they think is morally right. Subjects were deceived by the
experimenter into thinking that they were inflicting pain on others by electric shocks.
The experimenters told the subjects that what they were doing was important for
science and that they must continue to administer the shocks. The finding was that
(10) about 65 percent of subjects in the experiment regularly administered what they

believed to be very painful shocks.
Some people have suggested that the phenomenon could to some extent explain the
horrific acts of men such as Adolf Eichmann and the other Nazi officials responsible for
Hitler’s Holocaust. At their trial after World War II, Eichmann and the others
(15) consistently maintained that they did not act out of hatred or cruelty but because they

had been ordered to do so by their superiors.
Stanley Millgram himself observed, “It is psychologically easy to ignore
responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action. Thus there
is a fragmentation of the total human act: no one decides to carry out the evil act and is
( 2 0 ) confronted with its consequences.”

16. Of the following. which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence in line 3
(reproduced below)
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Millgram at Yale University in the 1960s
went toward answering this question.

Most people would agree that obedience to authority is necessary. Without
obedience it would be difficult, if not impossible, for society to function.
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the
United States in the 1960s went toward answering this question. The experiment is too
(5) complex to describe here in detail, but it showed that most people will obey authority

even if it goes against what they think is morally right. Subjects were deceived by the
experimenter into thinking that they were inflicting pain on others by electric shocks.
The experimenters told the subjects that what they were doing was important for
science and that they must continue to administer the shocks. The finding was that
(10) about 65 percent of subjects in the experiment regularly administered what they

believed to be very painful shocks.
Some people have suggested that the phenomenon could to some extent explain the
horrific acts of men such as Adolf Eichmann and the other Nazi officials responsible for
Hitler’s Holocaust. At their trial after World War II, Eichmann and the others
(15) consistently maintained that they did not act out of hatred or cruelty but because they

had been ordered to do so by their superiors.
Stanley Millgram himself observed, “It is psychologically easy to ignore
responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action. Thus there
is a fragmentation of the total human act: no one decides to carry out the evil act and is
( 2 0 ) confronted with its consequences.”

17. Where in the essay could the following sentence best be inserted to improve the essay?
The experiment has been repeated in a number of countries around the world with
similar results, suggesting that the phenomenon is not unique to the United States.

Most people would agree that obedience to authority is necessary. Without
obedience it would be difficult, if not impossible, for society to function.
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the
United States in the 1960s went toward answering this question. The experiment is too
(5) complex to describe here in detail, but it showed that most people will obey authority

even if it goes against what they think is morally right. Subjects were deceived by the
experimenter into thinking that they were inflicting pain on others by electric shocks.
The experimenters told the subjects that what they were doing was important for
science and that they must continue to administer the shocks. The finding was that
(10) about 65 percent of subjects in the experiment regularly administered what they

believed to be very painful shocks.
Some people have suggested that the phenomenon could to some extent explain the
horrific acts of men such as Adolf Eichmann and the other Nazi officials responsible for
Hitler’s Holocaust. At their trial after World War II, Eichmann and the others
(15) consistently maintained that they did not act out of hatred or cruelty but because they

had been ordered to do so by their superiors.
Stanley Millgram himself observed, “It is psychologically easy to ignore
responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action. Thus there
is a fragmentation of the total human act: no one decides to carry out the evil act and is
( 2 0 ) confronted with its consequences.”

18. Which of the following best describes the function of the final paragraph?

Most people would agree that obedience to authority is necessary. Without
obedience it would be difficult, if not impossible, for society to function.
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the
United States in the 1960s went toward answering this question. The experiment is too
(5) complex to describe here in detail, but it showed that most people will obey authority

even if it goes against what they think is morally right. Subjects were deceived by the
experimenter into thinking that they were inflicting pain on others by electric shocks.
The experimenters told the subjects that what they were doing was important for
science and that they must continue to administer the shocks. The finding was that
(10) about 65 percent of subjects in the experiment regularly administered what they

believed to be very painful shocks.
Some people have suggested that the phenomenon could to some extent explain the
horrific acts of men such as Adolf Eichmann and the other Nazi officials responsible for
Hitler’s Holocaust. At their trial after World War II, Eichmann and the others
(15) consistently maintained that they did not act out of hatred or cruelty but because they

had been ordered to do so by their superiors.
Stanley Millgram himself observed, “It is psychologically easy to ignore
responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action. Thus there
is a fragmentation of the total human act: no one decides to carry out the evil act and is
( 2 0 ) confronted with its consequences.”

19. All of the following strategies or techniques are used by the author EXCEPT

Most people would agree that obedience to authority is necessary. Without
obedience it would be difficult, if not impossible, for society to function.
A famous experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram at Yale University in the
United States in the 1960s went toward answering this question. The experiment is too
(5) complex to describe here in detail, but it showed that most people will obey authority

even if it goes against what they think is morally right. Subjects were deceived by the
experimenter into thinking that they were inflicting pain on others by electric shocks.
The experimenters told the subjects that what they were doing was important for
science and that they must continue to administer the shocks. The finding was that
(10) about 65 percent of subjects in the experiment regularly administered what they

believed to be very painful shocks.
Some people have suggested that the phenomenon could to some extent explain the
horrific acts of men such as Adolf Eichmann and the other Nazi officials responsible for
Hitler’s Holocaust. At their trial after World War II, Eichmann and the others
(15) consistently maintained that they did not act out of hatred or cruelty but because they

had been ordered to do so by their superiors.
Stanley Millgram himself observed, “It is psychologically easy to ignore
responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of evil action. Thus there
is a fragmentation of the total human act: no one decides to carry out the evil act and is
( 2 0 ) confronted with its consequences.”

20. Passage 4

What is a cord of wood? Some people say the cord is the most elastic unit of
measure ever devised by the mind of humans. A “standard” cord is a pile of stacked
wood 4 x 4 X 8 feet; that’s 128 cubic feet. How much of this is wood? That depends on
what kind of wood, the size and straightness of the sticks, and who does the piling.
(5) Small crooked sticks, cut from hardwood limbs and piled by one of those cordwood

artists who know how to make air spaces, may contain less than 30 cubic feet of solid
wood per cord. Smooth, round wood such as birch or spruce, in sizes eight inches and
better, will average 100 cubic feet or more per cord. That’s with the bark on. Peeled
wood will make 10 to 12 percent more cubic volume in the same sized stack.
(10) The heating value of wood varies enormously with the kind of tree. Black locust,
white oak, hickory, black birch, and ironwood are the best. A cord of any of these
woods, when seasoned, is worth approximately a ton of coal. Beech, yellow birch,
sugar maple, ash, and red oak are next. White birch, cherry, soft maple, sycamore,
and elm are comparatively poor fuel woods, with basswood, butternut, poplar, and the
(15) softwoods at the bottom of the scale.

The title that best expresses the main idea of this selection is

21. A standard cord of wood

What is a cord of wood? Some people say the cord is the most elastic unit of
measure ever devised by the mind of humans. A “standard” cord is a pile of stacked
wood 4 x 4 X 8 feet; that’s 128 cubic feet. How much of this is wood? That depends on
what kind of wood, the size and straightness of the sticks, and who does the piling.
(5) Small crooked sticks, cut from hardwood limbs and piled by one of those cordwood

artists who know how to make air spaces, may contain less than 30 cubic feet of solid
wood per cord. Smooth, round wood such as birch or spruce, in sizes eight inches and
better, will average 100 cubic feet or more per cord. That’s with the bark on. Peeled
wood will make 10 to 12 percent more cubic volume in the same sized stack.
(10) The heating value of wood varies enormously with the kind of tree. Black locust,
white oak, hickory, black birch, and ironwood are the best. A cord of any of these
woods, when seasoned, is worth approximately a ton of coal. Beech, yellow birch,
sugar maple, ash, and red oak are next. White birch, cherry, soft maple, sycamore,
and elm are comparatively poor fuel woods, with basswood, butternut, poplar, and the
(15) softwoods at the bottom of the scale.

22. Removal of the bark before stacking

What is a cord of wood? Some people say the cord is the most elastic unit of
measure ever devised by the mind of humans. A “standard” cord is a pile of stacked
wood 4 x 4 X 8 feet; that’s 128 cubic feet. How much of this is wood? That depends on
what kind of wood, the size and straightness of the sticks, and who does the piling.
(5) Small crooked sticks, cut from hardwood limbs and piled by one of those cordwood

artists who know how to make air spaces, may contain less than 30 cubic feet of solid
wood per cord. Smooth, round wood such as birch or spruce, in sizes eight inches and
better, will average 100 cubic feet or more per cord. That’s with the bark on. Peeled
wood will make 10 to 12 percent more cubic volume in the same sized stack.
(10) The heating value of wood varies enormously with the kind of tree. Black locust,
white oak, hickory, black birch, and ironwood are the best. A cord of any of these
woods, when seasoned, is worth approximately a ton of coal. Beech, yellow birch,
sugar maple, ash, and red oak are next. White birch, cherry, soft maple, sycamore,
and elm are comparatively poor fuel woods, with basswood, butternut, poplar, and the
(15) softwoods at the bottom of the scale.

23. The amount of heat supplied by wood depends upon the

What is a cord of wood? Some people say the cord is the most elastic unit of
measure ever devised by the mind of humans. A “standard” cord is a pile of stacked
wood 4 x 4 X 8 feet; that’s 128 cubic feet. How much of this is wood? That depends on
what kind of wood, the size and straightness of the sticks, and who does the piling.
(5) Small crooked sticks, cut from hardwood limbs and piled by one of those cordwood

artists who know how to make air spaces, may contain less than 30 cubic feet of solid
wood per cord. Smooth, round wood such as birch or spruce, in sizes eight inches and
better, will average 100 cubic feet or more per cord. That’s with the bark on. Peeled
wood will make 10 to 12 percent more cubic volume in the same sized stack.
(10) The heating value of wood varies enormously with the kind of tree. Black locust,
white oak, hickory, black birch, and ironwood are the best. A cord of any of these
woods, when seasoned, is worth approximately a ton of coal. Beech, yellow birch,
sugar maple, ash, and red oak are next. White birch, cherry, soft maple, sycamore,
and elm are comparatively poor fuel woods, with basswood, butternut, poplar, and the
(15) softwoods at the bottom of the scale.

24. The most valuable fuel woods come from

What is a cord of wood? Some people say the cord is the most elastic unit of
measure ever devised by the mind of humans. A “standard” cord is a pile of stacked
wood 4 x 4 X 8 feet; that’s 128 cubic feet. How much of this is wood? That depends on
what kind of wood, the size and straightness of the sticks, and who does the piling.
(5) Small crooked sticks, cut from hardwood limbs and piled by one of those cordwood

artists who know how to make air spaces, may contain less than 30 cubic feet of solid
wood per cord. Smooth, round wood such as birch or spruce, in sizes eight inches and
better, will average 100 cubic feet or more per cord. That’s with the bark on. Peeled
wood will make 10 to 12 percent more cubic volume in the same sized stack.
(10) The heating value of wood varies enormously with the kind of tree. Black locust,
white oak, hickory, black birch, and ironwood are the best. A cord of any of these
woods, when seasoned, is worth approximately a ton of coal. Beech, yellow birch,
sugar maple, ash, and red oak are next. White birch, cherry, soft maple, sycamore,
and elm are comparatively poor fuel woods, with basswood, butternut, poplar, and the
(15) softwoods at the bottom of the scale.

25. Passage 5

There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not
profited, I dare say, Christmas among the rest. But I am sure I have always thought of
Christmas-time, when it has come round-apart trom the veneration due to its sacred
origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that-as a god time; a kind,
(5) forgiving, charitable, pleasant time; the only time I know of, in the long calendar of

the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely
and to think of people below them as if they really were fellow travelers to the grave.
and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys. And therefore; uncle,
though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done
(10) me good, and will do me good; and I say, “God bless it!”

The clerk in the tank involuntarily applauded.
“Let me hear another sound from you,” said Scrooge, “and you’ll keep your
Christmas by losing your situation! You’re quite a powerful speaker, sir,” he added,
turning to his nephew. “I wonder why you don’t go into Parliament.”

-from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

The word veneration probably means

26. The first speaker 

There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not
profited, I dare say, Christmas among the rest. But I am sure I have always thought of
Christmas-time, when it has come round-apart trom the veneration due to its sacred
origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that-as a god time; a kind,
(5) forgiving, charitable, pleasant time; the only time I know of, in the long calendar of

the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely
and to think of people below them as if they really were fellow travelers to the grave.
and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys. And therefore; uncle,
though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done
(10) me good, and will do me good; and I say, “God bless it!”

The clerk in the tank involuntarily applauded.
“Let me hear another sound from you,” said Scrooge, “and you’ll keep your
Christmas by losing your situation! You’re quite a powerful speaker, sir,” he added,
turning to his nephew. “I wonder why you don’t go into Parliament.”

-from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

27. The first speaker believes that Christmas

There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not
profited, I dare say, Christmas among the rest. But I am sure I have always thought of
Christmas-time, when it has come round-apart trom the veneration due to its sacred
origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that-as a god time; a kind,
(5) forgiving, charitable, pleasant time; the only time I know of, in the long calendar of

the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely
and to think of people below them as if they really were fellow travelers to the grave.
and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys. And therefore; uncle,
though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done
(10) me good, and will do me good; and I say, “God bless it!”

The clerk in the tank involuntarily applauded.
“Let me hear another sound from you,” said Scrooge, “and you’ll keep your
Christmas by losing your situation! You’re quite a powerful speaker, sir,” he added,
turning to his nephew. “I wonder why you don’t go into Parliament.”

-from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

28. The phrase “by one consent” is synonymous with

There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not
profited, I dare say, Christmas among the rest. But I am sure I have always thought of
Christmas-time, when it has come round-apart trom the veneration due to its sacred
origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that-as a god time; a kind,
(5) forgiving, charitable, pleasant time; the only time I know of, in the long calendar of

the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely
and to think of people below them as if they really were fellow travelers to the grave.
and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys. And therefore; uncle,
though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done
(10) me good, and will do me good; and I say, “God bless it!”

The clerk in the tank involuntarily applauded.
“Let me hear another sound from you,” said Scrooge, “and you’ll keep your
Christmas by losing your situation! You’re quite a powerful speaker, sir,” he added,
turning to his nephew. “I wonder why you don’t go into Parliament.”

-from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

29. Scrooge probably is angry with_

There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not
profited, I dare say, Christmas among the rest. But I am sure I have always thought of
Christmas-time, when it has come round-apart trom the veneration due to its sacred
origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that-as a god time; a kind,
(5) forgiving, charitable, pleasant time; the only time I know of, in the long calendar of

the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely
and to think of people below them as if they really were fellow travelers to the grave.
and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys. And therefore; uncle,
though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done
(10) me good, and will do me good; and I say, “God bless it!”

The clerk in the tank involuntarily applauded.
“Let me hear another sound from you,” said Scrooge, “and you’ll keep your
Christmas by losing your situation! You’re quite a powerful speaker, sir,” he added,
turning to his nephew. “I wonder why you don’t go into Parliament.”

-from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

30. Passage 6

Although eating too much fat has been shown to be harmful, some fat is essential in the human diet. Fat helps in the absorption of some vitamins, provides our bodies with insulation, and is a source of energy. And eating some fat in a meal helps people to feel full for a longer period of time, so they will not want to snack between meals. But not all fat is healthy. There are two kinds of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fat is the kind of fat that is usually solid at room temperature. It is found in meat and dairy products. This kind of fat is very high in calories, and it raises the blood cholesterol level. High blood cholesterol can clog the arteries, which may lead to heart attacks. There are two types of unsaturated fat. One type, called polyunsaturated, or “essential fatty acid”, is found in fish, sunflower seeds, corn oil, and walnuts. Some research suggests that essential fatty acids help to prevent heart disease and aid in healthy brain function and vision. Monounsaturated fat is found in foods like olives, avocados, and peanuts. Diets high in monounsaturated fat can lower cholesterol levels. However, even though some fat is needed, dietary guidelines suggest that no more than 30% of calories in a person’s diet should come from fat.

According to the passage, essential fatty acids.

31. The best title for this passage is

Although eating too much fat has been shown to be harmful, some fat is essential in the human diet. Fat helps in the absorption of some vitamins, provides our bodies with insulation, and is a source of energy. And eating some fat in a meal helps people to feel full for a longer period of time, so they will not want to snack between meals. But not all fat is healthy. There are two kinds of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fat is the kind of fat that is usually solid at room temperature. It is found in meat and dairy products. This kind of fat is very high in calories, and it raises the blood cholesterol level. High blood cholesterol can clog the arteries, which may lead to heart attacks. There are two types of unsaturated fat. One type, called polyunsaturated, or “essential fatty acid”, is found in fish, sunflower seeds, corn oil, and walnuts. Some research suggests that essential fatty acids help to prevent heart disease and aid in healthy brain function and vision. Monounsaturated fat is found in foods like olives, avocados, and peanuts. Diets high in monounsaturated fat can lower cholesterol levels. However, even though some fat is needed, dietary guidelines suggest that no more than 30% of calories in a person’s diet should come from fat.

32. Saturated fats could be found in all of the following EXCEPT

Although eating too much fat has been shown to be harmful, some fat is essential in the human diet. Fat helps in the absorption of some vitamins, provides our bodies with insulation, and is a source of energy. And eating some fat in a meal helps people to feel full for a longer period of time, so they will not want to snack between meals. But not all fat is healthy. There are two kinds of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fat is the kind of fat that is usually solid at room temperature. It is found in meat and dairy products. This kind of fat is very high in calories, and it raises the blood cholesterol level. High blood cholesterol can clog the arteries, which may lead to heart attacks. There are two types of unsaturated fat. One type, called polyunsaturated, or “essential fatty acid”, is found in fish, sunflower seeds, corn oil, and walnuts. Some research suggests that essential fatty acids help to prevent heart disease and aid in healthy brain function and vision. Monounsaturated fat is found in foods like olives, avocados, and peanuts. Diets high in monounsaturated fat can lower cholesterol levels. However, even though some fat is needed, dietary guidelines suggest that no more than 30% of calories in a person’s diet should come from fat.

33. Monounsaturated fat

Although eating too much fat has been shown to be harmful, some fat is essential in the human diet. Fat helps in the absorption of some vitamins, provides our bodies with insulation, and is a source of energy. And eating some fat in a meal helps people to feel full for a longer period of time, so they will not want to snack between meals. But not all fat is healthy. There are two kinds of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fat is the kind of fat that is usually solid at room temperature. It is found in meat and dairy products. This kind of fat is very high in calories, and it raises the blood cholesterol level. High blood cholesterol can clog the arteries, which may lead to heart attacks. There are two types of unsaturated fat. One type, called polyunsaturated, or “essential fatty acid”, is found in fish, sunflower seeds, corn oil, and walnuts. Some research suggests that essential fatty acids help to prevent heart disease and aid in healthy brain function and vision. Monounsaturated fat is found in foods like olives, avocados, and peanuts. Diets high in monounsaturated fat can lower cholesterol levels. However, even though some fat is needed, dietary guidelines suggest that no more than 30% of calories in a person’s diet should come from fat.

34. According to the passage

Although eating too much fat has been shown to be harmful, some fat is essential in the human diet. Fat helps in the absorption of some vitamins, provides our bodies with insulation, and is a source of energy. And eating some fat in a meal helps people to feel full for a longer period of time, so they will not want to snack between meals. But not all fat is healthy. There are two kinds of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fat is the kind of fat that is usually solid at room temperature. It is found in meat and dairy products. This kind of fat is very high in calories, and it raises the blood cholesterol level. High blood cholesterol can clog the arteries, which may lead to heart attacks. There are two types of unsaturated fat. One type, called polyunsaturated, or “essential fatty acid”, is found in fish, sunflower seeds, corn oil, and walnuts. Some research suggests that essential fatty acids help to prevent heart disease and aid in healthy brain function and vision. Monounsaturated fat is found in foods like olives, avocados, and peanuts. Diets high in monounsaturated fat can lower cholesterol levels. However, even though some fat is needed, dietary guidelines suggest that no more than 30% of calories in a person’s diet should come from fat.

35. Passage 7

In recent years, scientific research has done much to alter long-held beliefs about history. This is particularly true of scholarship surrounding the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trans-Asian trading route that extended across two continents, linking China with the center of European trade in the Mediterranean. Most famous for the transport of silk, this ancient highway was also the conduit for such items as roses, peaches, gunpowder, and paper. Systems of belief were also passed along the road; the spread of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam was accelerated by the connection between East and West.

Based on historical texts, historians have traditionally believed that the Silk Road was established in 115 B.C., yet the recent discovery of a much older piece of silk in Egypt suggests that the road was established at least a thousand years earlier. Through carbon dating, scientists dated the fabric of the newly discovered piece of silk to around 1000 B. C. In that period, only the Chinese held the secret to silk manufacturing. Mediterranean countries would not develop the technology to manufacture silk until the sixth century A. D. As a result, historians now believe that Asia and Europe may have traded silk via the Silk Road as long ago as the second century B. C. — though exactly how traders navigated the plateaus, mountains and deserts that lie along the route remains a mystery.

This passage is primarily about

36. As used in the article, the phrase “systems of belief” most likely means

In recent years, scientific research has done much to alter long-held beliefs about history. This is particularly true of scholarship surrounding the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trans-Asian trading route that extended across two continents, linking China with the center of European trade in the Mediterranean. Most famous for the transport of silk, this ancient highway was also the conduit for such items as roses, peaches, gunpowder, and paper. Systems of belief were also passed along the road; the spread of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam was accelerated by the connection between East and West.

Based on historical texts, historians have traditionally believed that the Silk Road was established in 115 B.C., yet the recent discovery of a much older piece of silk in Egypt suggests that the road was established at least a thousand years earlier. Through carbon dating, scientists dated the fabric of the newly discovered piece of silk to around 1000 B. C. In that period, only the Chinese held the secret to silk manufacturing. Mediterranean countries would not develop the technology to manufacture silk until the sixth century A. D. As a result, historians now believe that Asia and Europe may have traded silk via the Silk Road as long ago as the second century B. C. — though exactly how traders navigated the plateaus, mountains and deserts that lie along the route remains a mystery.

37. According to the passage, all of the following were traded along the Silk Road EXCEPT

In recent years, scientific research has done much to alter long-held beliefs about history. This is particularly true of scholarship surrounding the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trans-Asian trading route that extended across two continents, linking China with the center of European trade in the Mediterranean. Most famous for the transport of silk, this ancient highway was also the conduit for such items as roses, peaches, gunpowder, and paper. Systems of belief were also passed along the road; the spread of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam was accelerated by the connection between East and West.

Based on historical texts, historians have traditionally believed that the Silk Road was established in 115 B.C., yet the recent discovery of a much older piece of silk in Egypt suggests that the road was established at least a thousand years earlier. Through carbon dating, scientists dated the fabric of the newly discovered piece of silk to around 1000 B. C. In that period, only the Chinese held the secret to silk manufacturing. Mediterranean countries would not develop the technology to manufacture silk until the sixth century A. D. As a result, historians now believe that Asia and Europe may have traded silk via the Silk Road as long ago as the second century B. C. — though exactly how traders navigated the plateaus, mountains and deserts that lie along the route remains a mystery.

38. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that historians believe that

In recent years, scientific research has done much to alter long-held beliefs about history. This is particularly true of scholarship surrounding the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trans-Asian trading route that extended across two continents, linking China with the center of European trade in the Mediterranean. Most famous for the transport of silk, this ancient highway was also the conduit for such items as roses, peaches, gunpowder, and paper. Systems of belief were also passed along the road; the spread of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam was accelerated by the connection between East and West.

Based on historical texts, historians have traditionally believed that the Silk Road was established in 115 B.C., yet the recent discovery of a much older piece of silk in Egypt suggests that the road was established at least a thousand years earlier. Through carbon dating, scientists dated the fabric of the newly discovered piece of silk to around 1000 B. C. In that period, only the Chinese held the secret to silk manufacturing. Mediterranean countries would not develop the technology to manufacture silk until the sixth century A. D. As a result, historians now believe that Asia and Europe may have traded silk via the Silk Road as long ago as the second century B. C. — though exactly how traders navigated the plateaus, mountains and deserts that lie along the route remains a mystery.

39. The author’s style is best described as

In recent years, scientific research has done much to alter long-held beliefs about history. This is particularly true of scholarship surrounding the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trans-Asian trading route that extended across two continents, linking China with the center of European trade in the Mediterranean. Most famous for the transport of silk, this ancient highway was also the conduit for such items as roses, peaches, gunpowder, and paper. Systems of belief were also passed along the road; the spread of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam was accelerated by the connection between East and West.

Based on historical texts, historians have traditionally believed that the Silk Road was established in 115 B.C., yet the recent discovery of a much older piece of silk in Egypt suggests that the road was established at least a thousand years earlier. Through carbon dating, scientists dated the fabric of the newly discovered piece of silk to around 1000 B. C. In that period, only the Chinese held the secret to silk manufacturing. Mediterranean countries would not develop the technology to manufacture silk until the sixth century A. D. As a result, historians now believe that Asia and Europe may have traded silk via the Silk Road as long ago as the second century B. C. — though exactly how traders navigated the plateaus, mountains and deserts that lie along the route remains a mystery.

40. According to the passage, it is reasonable to assume that

In recent years, scientific research has done much to alter long-held beliefs about history. This is particularly true of scholarship surrounding the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a trans-Asian trading route that extended across two continents, linking China with the center of European trade in the Mediterranean. Most famous for the transport of silk, this ancient highway was also the conduit for such items as roses, peaches, gunpowder, and paper. Systems of belief were also passed along the road; the spread of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam was accelerated by the connection between East and West.

Based on historical texts, historians have traditionally believed that the Silk Road was established in 115 B.C., yet the recent discovery of a much older piece of silk in Egypt suggests that the road was established at least a thousand years earlier. Through carbon dating, scientists dated the fabric of the newly discovered piece of silk to around 1000 B. C. In that period, only the Chinese held the secret to silk manufacturing. Mediterranean countries would not develop the technology to manufacture silk until the sixth century A. D. As a result, historians now believe that Asia and Europe may have traded silk via the Silk Road as long ago as the second century B. C. — though exactly how traders navigated the plateaus, mountains and deserts that lie along the route remains a mystery.