1. PASSAGE 1

World War II left much of Western Europe deeply scarred in many ways.
Economically, it was devastated. In early 1948, as the Cold War developed between the
United States and the Soviet Union and politica! tensions rose, U.S. policymakers
decided that substantial financial assistance would be required to maintain a state of
(5) political stability. This conclusion led the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, to
announce a proposal: the European countries were advised to draw up a unified plan for
reconstruction, to be funded by the United States.
This European Recovery Program, also known as the Marshall Plan, provided
economic and technical assistance to 16 countries. Between 1948 and 1952, participating
(10) countries received a combined total of 12 billion dollars in U.S. aid. In the end, the
program was seen as a great success; it revived the economies of Western Europe and
set them on a course for future growth.

Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

2. The tone of the author toward the Marshall Plan is

World War II left much of Western Europe deeply scarred in many ways.
Economically, it was devastated. In early 1948, as the Cold War developed between the
United States and the Soviet Union and politica! tensions rose, U.S. policymakers
decided that substantial financial assistance would be required to maintain a state of
(5) political stability. This conclusion led the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, to
announce a proposal: the European countries were advised to draw up a unified plan for
reconstruction, to be funded by the United States.
This European Recovery Program, also known as the Marshall Plan, provided
economic and technical assistance to 16 countries. Between 1948 and 1952, participating
(10) countries received a combined total of 12 billion dollars in U.S. aid. In the end, the
program was seen as a great success; it revived the economies of Western Europe and
set them on a course for future growth.

3. All of the following are true about the Marshall Plan EXCEPT

World War II left much of Western Europe deeply scarred in many ways.
Economically, it was devastated. In early 1948, as the Cold War developed between the
United States and the Soviet Union and politica! tensions rose, U.S. policymakers
decided that substantial financial assistance would be required to maintain a state of
(5) political stability. This conclusion led the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, to
announce a proposal: the European countries were advised to draw up a unified plan for
reconstruction, to be funded by the United States.
This European Recovery Program, also known as the Marshall Plan, provided
economic and technical assistance to 16 countries. Between 1948 and 1952, participating
(10) countries received a combined total of 12 billion dollars in U.S. aid. In the end, the
program was seen as a great success; it revived the economies of Western Europe and
set them on a course for future growth.

4. The passage suggests that the driving force behind the Marshall Plan was

World War II left much of Western Europe deeply scarred in many ways.
Economically, it was devastated. In early 1948, as the Cold War developed between the
United States and the Soviet Union and politica! tensions rose, U.S. policymakers
decided that substantial financial assistance would be required to maintain a state of
(5) political stability. This conclusion led the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, to
announce a proposal: the European countries were advised to draw up a unified plan for
reconstruction, to be funded by the United States.
This European Recovery Program, also known as the Marshall Plan, provided
economic and technical assistance to 16 countries. Between 1948 and 1952, participating
(10) countries received a combined total of 12 billion dollars in U.S. aid. In the end, the
program was seen as a great success; it revived the economies of Western Europe and
set them on a course for future growth.

5. Which of the following would the author be most likely to discuss next?

World War II left much of Western Europe deeply scarred in many ways.
Economically, it was devastated. In early 1948, as the Cold War developed between the
United States and the Soviet Union and politica! tensions rose, U.S. policymakers
decided that substantial financial assistance would be required to maintain a state of
(5) political stability. This conclusion led the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, to
announce a proposal: the European countries were advised to draw up a unified plan for
reconstruction, to be funded by the United States.
This European Recovery Program, also known as the Marshall Plan, provided
economic and technical assistance to 16 countries. Between 1948 and 1952, participating
(10) countries received a combined total of 12 billion dollars in U.S. aid. In the end, the
program was seen as a great success; it revived the economies of Western Europe and
set them on a course for future growth.

6. PASSAGE 2

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

As it is used in line 2, the word “derived” most nearly means

7. It can be inferred from the text that the arrival of representatives of the House of Medici in
Bruges ____ .

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

8. It can be inferred from the text that the wool brought to Bruges ______ .

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

9. The author most likely mentions “merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain”
in order to _____

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

10. According to the text, why did the Duke of Burgundy choose Bruges over Ghent and
Louvain as the site of his court?

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

11. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

12. All of the following are reasons why Bruges was an important city EXCEPT ______

During the 15th century, the Belgian city Bruges was the most important
commercial city in the north of Europe. Like Florence in Italy, Bruges derived its
wealth from wool and banking. Ships brought raw wool there from England and Spain,
and carried away finished wool cloth, which was celebrated throughout Europe.
(5) Bankers came to Bruges on the heels of the wool merchants-among them,
representatives of the House of Medici. Soon Bruges became the financial center for all
of northern Europe. Merchants from Italy, the Near East, Russia, and Spain all
congregated in Bruges. Even though nearby cities such as Ghent and Louvain also
flourished, Bruges so outshone them in prosperity that the Duke of Burgundy made that
(10)city his capital and moved his court there in the early 15th century.

13. PASSAGE 3

Tea is consumed by more people and in greater amounts than any other beverage in
the world, with the exception of water. The tea plant, from whose leaves tea is made,
is native to India, China, and Japan and was first cultivated for use by the Chinese in
prehistoric times. The plant, which is characterized as an evergreen, can reach a
(5) height of about thirty feet but is usually pruned down to three or four feet for
cultivation, It has dark green leaves and cream-colored, fragrant blossoms.

Cultivation of the tea plant requires a great deal of effort. The plant must grow in
a warm, wet climate, in a carefully protected, well-drained area. Its leaves must be
picked by hand. (Cultivation in North America has been attempted, but was found to be
(10) impractical because of a shortage of cheap labor.) Today, the plant is cultivated in the
lands to which it is native, as well as in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South
America.

Tea was probably first used as a vegetable relish and for medicinal purposes. In the
1400s Chinese and Japanese Buddhists developed a semi-religious ceremony surrounding
(15) tea-drinking. It was not until after 1700, however, that it was first imported into
Europe. Today, the United Kingdom imports more tea than does any other nation-
almost one third of the world’s production. The United States is also a large importer,
but Americans have seemed to prefer coffee ever since the famous Boston Tea Party in
1773.

This passage is mainly about ____ .

14. According to the passage, the tea plant ______ .

Tea is consumed by more people and in greater amounts than any other beverage in
the world, with the exception of water. The tea plant, from whose leaves tea is made,
is native to India, China, and Japan and was first cultivated for use by the Chinese in
prehistoric times. The plant, which is characterized as an evergreen, can reach a
(5) height of about thirty feet but is usually pruned down to three or four feet for
cultivation, It has dark green leaves and cream-colored, fragrant blossoms.

Cultivation of the tea plant requires a great deal of effort. The plant must grow in
a warm, wet climate, in a carefully protected, well-drained area. Its leaves must be
picked by hand. (Cultivation in North America has been attempted, but was found to be
(10) impractical because of a shortage of cheap labor.) Today, the plant is cultivated in the
lands to which it is native, as well as in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South
America.

Tea was probably first used as a vegetable relish and for medicinal purposes. In the
1400s Chinese and Japanese Buddhists developed a semi-religious ceremony surrounding
(15) tea-drinking. It was not until after 1700, however, that it was first imported into
Europe. Today, the United Kingdom imports more tea than does any other nation-
almost one third of the world’s production. The United States is also a large importer,
but Americans have seemed to prefer coffee ever since the famous Boston Tea Party in
1773.

15. Why is a large supply of cheap labor important for the cultivation of tea?

Tea is consumed by more people and in greater amounts than any other beverage in
the world, with the exception of water. The tea plant, from whose leaves tea is made,
is native to India, China, and Japan and was first cultivated for use by the Chinese in
prehistoric times. The plant, which is characterized as an evergreen, can reach a
(5) height of about thirty feet but is usually pruned down to three or four feet for
cultivation, It has dark green leaves and cream-colored, fragrant blossoms.

Cultivation of the tea plant requires a great deal of effort. The plant must grow in
a warm, wet climate, in a carefully protected, well-drained area. Its leaves must be
picked by hand. (Cultivation in North America has been attempted, but was found to be
(10) impractical because of a shortage of cheap labor.) Today, the plant is cultivated in the
lands to which it is native, as well as in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South
America.

Tea was probably first used as a vegetable relish and for medicinal purposes. In the
1400s Chinese and Japanese Buddhists developed a semi-religious ceremony surrounding
(15) tea-drinking. It was not until after 1700, however, that it was first imported into
Europe. Today, the United Kingdom imports more tea than does any other nation-
almost one third of the world’s production. The United States is also a large importer,
but Americans have seemed to prefer coffee ever since the famous Boston Tea Party in
1773.

16. The style in the passage is most like that found in a ______ .

Tea is consumed by more people and in greater amounts than any other beverage in
the world, with the exception of water. The tea plant, from whose leaves tea is made,
is native to India, China, and Japan and was first cultivated for use by the Chinese in
prehistoric times. The plant, which is characterized as an evergreen, can reach a
(5) height of about thirty feet but is usually pruned down to three or four feet for
cultivation, It has dark green leaves and cream-colored, fragrant blossoms.

Cultivation of the tea plant requires a great deal of effort. The plant must grow in
a warm, wet climate, in a carefully protected, well-drained area. Its leaves must be
picked by hand. (Cultivation in North America has been attempted, but was found to be
(10) impractical because of a shortage of cheap labor.) Today, the plant is cultivated in the
lands to which it is native, as well as in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South
America.

Tea was probably first used as a vegetable relish and for medicinal purposes. In the
1400s Chinese and Japanese Buddhists developed a semi-religious ceremony surrounding
(15) tea-drinking. It was not until after 1700, however, that it was first imported into
Europe. Today, the United Kingdom imports more tea than does any other nation-
almost one third of the world’s production. The United States is also a large importer,
but Americans have seemed to prefer coffee ever since the famous Boston Tea Party in
1773.

17. Which of the following is the author most likely to discuss next?

Tea is consumed by more people and in greater amounts than any other beverage in
the world, with the exception of water. The tea plant, from whose leaves tea is made,
is native to India, China, and Japan and was first cultivated for use by the Chinese in
prehistoric times. The plant, which is characterized as an evergreen, can reach a
(5) height of about thirty feet but is usually pruned down to three or four feet for
cultivation, It has dark green leaves and cream-colored, fragrant blossoms.

Cultivation of the tea plant requires a great deal of effort. The plant must grow in
a warm, wet climate, in a carefully protected, well-drained area. Its leaves must be
picked by hand. (Cultivation in North America has been attempted, but was found to be
(10) impractical because of a shortage of cheap labor.) Today, the plant is cultivated in the
lands to which it is native, as well as in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South
America.

Tea was probably first used as a vegetable relish and for medicinal purposes. In the
1400s Chinese and Japanese Buddhists developed a semi-religious ceremony surrounding
(15) tea-drinking. It was not until after 1700, however, that it was first imported into
Europe. Today, the United Kingdom imports more tea than does any other nation-
almost one third of the world’s production. The United States is also a large importer,
but Americans have seemed to prefer coffee ever since the famous Boston Tea Party in
1773.

18. The purpose of the second paragraph is to

Tea is consumed by more people and in greater amounts than any other beverage in
the world, with the exception of water. The tea plant, from whose leaves tea is made,
is native to India, China, and Japan and was first cultivated for use by the Chinese in
prehistoric times. The plant, which is characterized as an evergreen, can reach a
(5) height of about thirty feet but is usually pruned down to three or four feet for
cultivation, It has dark green leaves and cream-colored, fragrant blossoms.

Cultivation of the tea plant requires a great deal of effort. The plant must grow in
a warm, wet climate, in a carefully protected, well-drained area. Its leaves must be
picked by hand. (Cultivation in North America has been attempted, but was found to be
(10) impractical because of a shortage of cheap labor.) Today, the plant is cultivated in the
lands to which it is native, as well as in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South
America.

Tea was probably first used as a vegetable relish and for medicinal purposes. In the
1400s Chinese and Japanese Buddhists developed a semi-religious ceremony surrounding
(15) tea-drinking. It was not until after 1700, however, that it was first imported into
Europe. Today, the United Kingdom imports more tea than does any other nation-
almost one third of the world’s production. The United States is also a large importer,
but Americans have seemed to prefer coffee ever since the famous Boston Tea Party in
1773.

19. PASSAGE 4

When you buy a house plant, if the plant is healthy, it is likely to grow successfully
in your home. How do you decide if a plant is sound? First, look at the leaves. If they
are brown at the edges, the plant has been given too much fertilizer or has been kept in
temperatures that are too warm for its species. If the leaves are pale or yellow, the
(5) plant has been given too much or too little water. If the leaves are very far apart from
each other on the stem, this may mean the plant has been pushed to grow abnormally
fast, and new leaves will not grow to fill in the gaps. You should look for a plant whose
foliage is dense.

After checking the leaves’ general appearance, look carefully at the underside of
(10) the leaves and the places where the leaves join the stem for evidence of insects.
Because the insects that infest house plants are very tiny, it may be hard to see them.
But they leave clues that they are living on the plant. Some secrete a shiny sticky
substance called honeydew on the plant. Others leave behind tiny fine white webs.

Finally, check to see if the plant’s roots are growing out through the drainage hole
(15) in the bottom of the pot. If the roots are growing through the hole, the plant has
outgrown its pot, and it may not be the larger container.

If a plant has been given too much fertilizer, _____ .

20. To check a plant’s health, examine _____ .

When you buy a house plant, if the plant is healthy, it is likely to grow successfully
in your home. How do you decide if a plant is sound? First, look at the leaves. If they
are brown at the edges, the plant has been given too much fertilizer or has been kept in
temperatures that are too warm for its species. If the leaves are pale or yellow, the
(5) plant has been given too much or too little water. If the leaves are very far apart from
each other on the stem, this may mean the plant has been pushed to grow abnormally
fast, and new leaves will not grow to fill in the gaps. You should look for a plant whose
foliage is dense.

After checking the leaves’ general appearance, look carefully at the underside of
(10) the leaves and the places where the leaves join the stem for evidence of insects.
Because the insects that infest house plants are very tiny, it may be hard to see them.
But they leave clues that they are living on the plant. Some secrete a shiny sticky
substance called honeydew on the plant. Others leave behind tiny fine white webs.

Finally, check to see if the plant’s roots are growing out through the drainage hole
(15) in the bottom of the pot. If the roots are growing through the hole, the plant has
outgrown its pot, and it may not be the larger container.

21. In context, “infest” most likely means

When you buy a house plant, if the plant is healthy, it is likely to grow successfully
in your home. How do you decide if a plant is sound? First, look at the leaves. If they
are brown at the edges, the plant has been given too much fertilizer or has been kept in
temperatures that are too warm for its species. If the leaves are pale or yellow, the
(5) plant has been given too much or too little water. If the leaves are very far apart from
each other on the stem, this may mean the plant has been pushed to grow abnormally
fast, and new leaves will not grow to fill in the gaps. You should look for a plant whose
foliage is dense.

After checking the leaves’ general appearance, look carefully at the underside of
(10) the leaves and the places where the leaves join the stem for evidence of insects.
Because the insects that infest house plants are very tiny, it may be hard to see them.
But they leave clues that they are living on the plant. Some secrete a shiny sticky
substance called honeydew on the plant. Others leave behind tiny fine white webs.

Finally, check to see if the plant’s roots are growing out through the drainage hole
(15) in the bottom of the pot. If the roots are growing through the hole, the plant has
outgrown its pot, and it may not be the larger container.

22. Too much or too little water will cause _____ .

When you buy a house plant, if the plant is healthy, it is likely to grow successfully
in your home. How do you decide if a plant is sound? First, look at the leaves. If they
are brown at the edges, the plant has been given too much fertilizer or has been kept in
temperatures that are too warm for its species. If the leaves are pale or yellow, the
(5) plant has been given too much or too little water. If the leaves are very far apart from
each other on the stem, this may mean the plant has been pushed to grow abnormally
fast, and new leaves will not grow to fill in the gaps. You should look for a plant whose
foliage is dense.

After checking the leaves’ general appearance, look carefully at the underside of
(10) the leaves and the places where the leaves join the stem for evidence of insects.
Because the insects that infest house plants are very tiny, it may be hard to see them.
But they leave clues that they are living on the plant. Some secrete a shiny sticky
substance called honeydew on the plant. Others leave behind tiny fine white webs.

Finally, check to see if the plant’s roots are growing out through the drainage hole
(15) in the bottom of the pot. If the roots are growing through the hole, the plant has
outgrown its pot, and it may not be the larger container.

23. Based on this passage, a reader can infer that ______ .

When you buy a house plant, if the plant is healthy, it is likely to grow successfully
in your home. How do you decide if a plant is sound? First, look at the leaves. If they
are brown at the edges, the plant has been given too much fertilizer or has been kept in
temperatures that are too warm for its species. If the leaves are pale or yellow, the
(5) plant has been given too much or too little water. If the leaves are very far apart from
each other on the stem, this may mean the plant has been pushed to grow abnormally
fast, and new leaves will not grow to fill in the gaps. You should look for a plant whose
foliage is dense.

After checking the leaves’ general appearance, look carefully at the underside of
(10) the leaves and the places where the leaves join the stem for evidence of insects.
Because the insects that infest house plants are very tiny, it may be hard to see them.
But they leave clues that they are living on the plant. Some secrete a shiny sticky
substance called honeydew on the plant. Others leave behind tiny fine white webs.

Finally, check to see if the plant’s roots are growing out through the drainage hole
(15) in the bottom of the pot. If the roots are growing through the hole, the plant has
outgrown its pot, and it may not be the larger container.

24. PASSAGE 5

Is the Earth flat or round? Until 1522, most people believed Earth was flat. In that
year, one of Magellan’s ships completed the first trip all the way around Earth. Long
before scientists thought that Earth was shaped like sphere, so the earth scientists said
that Earth is spherical.

(5) The spherical model of Earth is based on such evidence as the following:
The mast of a ship was the first part to appear over the horizon. It was the last
part to disappear. The traditional cry of the lookout in a sailing vessel is, “I see a
Mast.”

When ships sailed north or south, sailors observed that the nighttime sky changed
(10) in appearance. The North Star rose higher in the sky as they sailed northward. It sank
in the sky as they sailed southward. The position of the North Star changed so gradually
and so evenly that it could only be explained in one way. The ship was sailing on a
spherical surface. When ships sailed far enough south, constellations such as the Big
Dipper could no longer be seen, but new ones such as the Southern Cross appeared in
(15) the sky. Would this be true on a flat Earth?

An eclipse of the moon occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the moon. During an
eclipse of the moon, the edge of Earth’s shadow as it moves across the moon is always
the arc of a circle. Only a sphere casts a circular shadow, no matter what position it
is in.

(20) The evidence listed above is, of course, still visible today, although a lookout is
much more likely to see a smokestack than a mast. But now everyone can see the
evidence. Many photographs of Earth have been taken by orbiting spacecraft. Other
photographs of Earth have been taken from the moon by the Apollo astronauts.

In the context of the passage, the word “constellation” most likely means _____.

25. When a ship sails north, the North Star ______.

Is the Earth flat or round? Until 1522, most people believed Earth was flat. In that
year, one of Magellan’s ships completed the first trip all the way around Earth. Long
before scientists thought that Earth was shaped like sphere, so the earth scientists said
that Earth is spherical.

(5) The spherical model of Earth is based on such evidence as the following:
The mast of a ship was the first part to appear over the horizon. It was the last
part to disappear. The traditional cry of the lookout in a sailing vessel is, “I see a
Mast.”

When ships sailed north or south, sailors observed that the nighttime sky changed
(10) in appearance. The North Star rose higher in the sky as they sailed northward. It sank
in the sky as they sailed southward. The position of the North Star changed so gradually
and so evenly that it could only be explained in one way. The ship was sailing on a
spherical surface. When ships sailed far enough south, constellations such as the Big
Dipper could no longer be seen, but new ones such as the Southern Cross appeared in
(15) the sky. Would this be true on a flat Earth?

An eclipse of the moon occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the moon. During an
eclipse of the moon, the edge of Earth’s shadow as it moves across the moon is always
the arc of a circle. Only a sphere casts a circular shadow, no matter what position it
is in.

(20) The evidence listed above is, of course, still visible today, although a lookout is
much more likely to see a smokestack than a mast. But now everyone can see the
evidence. Many photographs of Earth have been taken by orbiting spacecraft. Other
photographs of Earth have been taken from the moon by the Apollo astronauts.

26. In the paragraph describing an eclipse of the moon, we can infer that the

Is the Earth flat or round? Until 1522, most people believed Earth was flat. In that
year, one of Magellan’s ships completed the first trip all the way around Earth. Long
before scientists thought that Earth was shaped like sphere, so the earth scientists said
that Earth is spherical.

(5) The spherical model of Earth is based on such evidence as the following:
The mast of a ship was the first part to appear over the horizon. It was the last
part to disappear. The traditional cry of the lookout in a sailing vessel is, “I see a
Mast.”

When ships sailed north or south, sailors observed that the nighttime sky changed
(10) in appearance. The North Star rose higher in the sky as they sailed northward. It sank
in the sky as they sailed southward. The position of the North Star changed so gradually
and so evenly that it could only be explained in one way. The ship was sailing on a
spherical surface. When ships sailed far enough south, constellations such as the Big
Dipper could no longer be seen, but new ones such as the Southern Cross appeared in
(15) the sky. Would this be true on a flat Earth?

An eclipse of the moon occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the moon. During an
eclipse of the moon, the edge of Earth’s shadow as it moves across the moon is always
the arc of a circle. Only a sphere casts a circular shadow, no matter what position it
is in.

(20) The evidence listed above is, of course, still visible today, although a lookout is
much more likely to see a smokestack than a mast. But now everyone can see the
evidence. Many photographs of Earth have been taken by orbiting spacecraft. Other
photographs of Earth have been taken from the moon by the Apollo astronauts.

27. The title that best expresses the idea of this passage is ______.

Is the Earth flat or round? Until 1522, most people believed Earth was flat. In that
year, one of Magellan’s ships completed the first trip all the way around Earth. Long
before scientists thought that Earth was shaped like sphere, so the earth scientists said
that Earth is spherical.

(5) The spherical model of Earth is based on such evidence as the following:
The mast of a ship was the first part to appear over the horizon. It was the last
part to disappear. The traditional cry of the lookout in a sailing vessel is, “I see a
Mast.”

When ships sailed north or south, sailors observed that the nighttime sky changed
(10) in appearance. The North Star rose higher in the sky as they sailed northward. It sank
in the sky as they sailed southward. The position of the North Star changed so gradually
and so evenly that it could only be explained in one way. The ship was sailing on a
spherical surface. When ships sailed far enough south, constellations such as the Big
Dipper could no longer be seen, but new ones such as the Southern Cross appeared in
(15) the sky. Would this be true on a flat Earth?

An eclipse of the moon occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the moon. During an
eclipse of the moon, the edge of Earth’s shadow as it moves across the moon is always
the arc of a circle. Only a sphere casts a circular shadow, no matter what position it
is in.

(20) The evidence listed above is, of course, still visible today, although a lookout is
much more likely to see a smokestack than a mast. But now everyone can see the
evidence. Many photographs of Earth have been taken by orbiting spacecraft. Other
photographs of Earth have been taken from the moon by the Apollo astronauts.

28. The deduction that the earth is round is based on all of the following EXCEPT the

Is the Earth flat or round? Until 1522, most people believed Earth was flat. In that
year, one of Magellan’s ships completed the first trip all the way around Earth. Long
before scientists thought that Earth was shaped like sphere, so the earth scientists said
that Earth is spherical.

(5) The spherical model of Earth is based on such evidence as the following:
The mast of a ship was the first part to appear over the horizon. It was the last
part to disappear. The traditional cry of the lookout in a sailing vessel is, “I see a
Mast.”

When ships sailed north or south, sailors observed that the nighttime sky changed
(10) in appearance. The North Star rose higher in the sky as they sailed northward. It sank
in the sky as they sailed southward. The position of the North Star changed so gradually
and so evenly that it could only be explained in one way. The ship was sailing on a
spherical surface. When ships sailed far enough south, constellations such as the Big
Dipper could no longer be seen, but new ones such as the Southern Cross appeared in
(15) the sky. Would this be true on a flat Earth?

An eclipse of the moon occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the moon. During an
eclipse of the moon, the edge of Earth’s shadow as it moves across the moon is always
the arc of a circle. Only a sphere casts a circular shadow, no matter what position it
is in.

(20) The evidence listed above is, of course, still visible today, although a lookout is
much more likely to see a smokestack than a mast. But now everyone can see the
evidence. Many photographs of Earth have been taken by orbiting spacecraft. Other
photographs of Earth have been taken from the moon by the Apollo astronauts.

29. PASSAGE 6

The police department of New York City has one branch that many do not know
about, although it was established almost a century ago. This is the harbor precinct’s
14-boat fleet of police launches, which patrols 578 miles of waters around the city,
paying particular attention to the areas containing 500 piers and some 90 boat clubs.

(5) The boats are equipped for various jobs. One boat is an ice-breaker; another is
equipped to render aid in the event of an airplane crash at La Guardia Airport. All of the
boats are equipped with lifeline guns, heavy grappling irons to raise sunken automobiles,
and lasso-sticks to rescue animals in the water. They have power pumps to bail out
sinking craft, first-aid kits, extra life preservers, signal flags, and searchlights.

(10) The force of 183 officers have all had previous experience with boats. Some of the
officers are Navy and Coast Guard veterans. Many of the harbor police officers have

ocean-going Master’s or Harbor Captain’s licenses. Al are highly trained in the care and
handling of engines and navigation. Al are skilled in giving first aid, and each officer
is a qualified radio operator and a trained marks-man with a revolver.

(15) The work of the police includes many tasks. One duty of this force is to check the
operation of the fleet of 43 junk boats that ply their trade in the harbor, buying scrap,
rope, and other items for resale ashore. These boats could just as easily be used to
smuggle narcotics, gems, aliens, or spies into the country, so they are watched closely
by the city’s harbor police force. During the last summer, the police launches towed
(20) 450 disabled boats and gave some kind of help to thousands of others. The officers also
arrest those who break navigation laws or who endanger the safety of bathers by
approaching too near the shore in speed boats.

The harbor police were _____.

30. The boats used ______.

The police department of New York City has one branch that many do not know
about, although it was established almost a century ago. This is the harbor precinct’s
14-boat fleet of police launches, which patrols 578 miles of waters around the city,
paying particular attention to the areas containing 500 piers and some 90 boat clubs.

(5) The boats are equipped for various jobs. One boat is an ice-breaker; another is
equipped to render aid in the event of an airplane crash at La Guardia Airport. All of the
boats are equipped with lifeline guns, heavy grappling irons to raise sunken automobiles,
and lasso-sticks to rescue animals in the water. They have power pumps to bail out
sinking craft, first-aid kits, extra life preservers, signal flags, and searchlights.

(10) The force of 183 officers have all had previous experience with boats. Some of the
officers are Navy and Coast Guard veterans. Many of the harbor police officers have

ocean-going Master’s or Harbor Captain’s licenses. Al are highly trained in the care and
handling of engines and navigation. Al are skilled in giving first aid, and each officer
is a qualified radio operator and a trained marks-man with a revolver.

(15) The work of the police includes many tasks. One duty of this force is to check the
operation of the fleet of 43 junk boats that ply their trade in the harbor, buying scrap,
rope, and other items for resale ashore. These boats could just as easily be used to
smuggle narcotics, gems, aliens, or spies into the country, so they are watched closely
by the city’s harbor police force. During the last summer, the police launches towed
(20) 450 disabled boats and gave some kind of help to thousands of others. The officers also
arrest those who break navigation laws or who endanger the safety of bathers by
approaching too near the shore in speed boats.

31. The harbor police _____.

The police department of New York City has one branch that many do not know
about, although it was established almost a century ago. This is the harbor precinct’s
14-boat fleet of police launches, which patrols 578 miles of waters around the city,
paying particular attention to the areas containing 500 piers and some 90 boat clubs.

(5) The boats are equipped for various jobs. One boat is an ice-breaker; another is
equipped to render aid in the event of an airplane crash at La Guardia Airport. All of the
boats are equipped with lifeline guns, heavy grappling irons to raise sunken automobiles,
and lasso-sticks to rescue animals in the water. They have power pumps to bail out
sinking craft, first-aid kits, extra life preservers, signal flags, and searchlights.

(10) The force of 183 officers have all had previous experience with boats. Some of the
officers are Navy and Coast Guard veterans. Many of the harbor police officers have

ocean-going Master’s or Harbor Captain’s licenses. Al are highly trained in the care and
handling of engines and navigation. Al are skilled in giving first aid, and each officer
is a qualified radio operator and a trained marks-man with a revolver.

(15) The work of the police includes many tasks. One duty of this force is to check the
operation of the fleet of 43 junk boats that ply their trade in the harbor, buying scrap,
rope, and other items for resale ashore. These boats could just as easily be used to
smuggle narcotics, gems, aliens, or spies into the country, so they are watched closely
by the city’s harbor police force. During the last summer, the police launches towed
(20) 450 disabled boats and gave some kind of help to thousands of others. The officers also
arrest those who break navigation laws or who endanger the safety of bathers by
approaching too near the shore in speed boats.

32. Their services include _______.

The police department of New York City has one branch that many do not know
about, although it was established almost a century ago. This is the harbor precinct’s
14-boat fleet of police launches, which patrols 578 miles of waters around the city,
paying particular attention to the areas containing 500 piers and some 90 boat clubs.

(5) The boats are equipped for various jobs. One boat is an ice-breaker; another is
equipped to render aid in the event of an airplane crash at La Guardia Airport. All of the
boats are equipped with lifeline guns, heavy grappling irons to raise sunken automobiles,
and lasso-sticks to rescue animals in the water. They have power pumps to bail out
sinking craft, first-aid kits, extra life preservers, signal flags, and searchlights.

(10) The force of 183 officers have all had previous experience with boats. Some of the
officers are Navy and Coast Guard veterans. Many of the harbor police officers have

ocean-going Master’s or Harbor Captain’s licenses. Al are highly trained in the care and
handling of engines and navigation. Al are skilled in giving first aid, and each officer
is a qualified radio operator and a trained marks-man with a revolver.

(15) The work of the police includes many tasks. One duty of this force is to check the
operation of the fleet of 43 junk boats that ply their trade in the harbor, buying scrap,
rope, and other items for resale ashore. These boats could just as easily be used to
smuggle narcotics, gems, aliens, or spies into the country, so they are watched closely
by the city’s harbor police force. During the last summer, the police launches towed
(20) 450 disabled boats and gave some kind of help to thousands of others. The officers also
arrest those who break navigation laws or who endanger the safety of bathers by
approaching too near the shore in speed boats.

33. The police boats _____.

The police department of New York City has one branch that many do not know
about, although it was established almost a century ago. This is the harbor precinct’s
14-boat fleet of police launches, which patrols 578 miles of waters around the city,
paying particular attention to the areas containing 500 piers and some 90 boat clubs.

(5) The boats are equipped for various jobs. One boat is an ice-breaker; another is
equipped to render aid in the event of an airplane crash at La Guardia Airport. All of the
boats are equipped with lifeline guns, heavy grappling irons to raise sunken automobiles,
and lasso-sticks to rescue animals in the water. They have power pumps to bail out
sinking craft, first-aid kits, extra life preservers, signal flags, and searchlights.

(10) The force of 183 officers have all had previous experience with boats. Some of the
officers are Navy and Coast Guard veterans. Many of the harbor police officers have

ocean-going Master’s or Harbor Captain’s licenses. Al are highly trained in the care and
handling of engines and navigation. Al are skilled in giving first aid, and each officer
is a qualified radio operator and a trained marks-man with a revolver.

(15) The work of the police includes many tasks. One duty of this force is to check the
operation of the fleet of 43 junk boats that ply their trade in the harbor, buying scrap,
rope, and other items for resale ashore. These boats could just as easily be used to
smuggle narcotics, gems, aliens, or spies into the country, so they are watched closely
by the city’s harbor police force. During the last summer, the police launches towed
(20) 450 disabled boats and gave some kind of help to thousands of others. The officers also
arrest those who break navigation laws or who endanger the safety of bathers by
approaching too near the shore in speed boats.

34. PASSAGE 7

The term “genetic modification” refers to technology that is used to alter the genes
of living organisms. Genetically modified organisms are called “transgenic” if genes
from different organisms are combined. The most common transgenic organisms are
crops of common fruits and vegetables, which are now grown in more than fifty
(5)countries. These crops are typically developed for resistance to herbicides, pesticides,
and disease, as well as to increase nutritional value. Some of these transgenic crops
currently under development might even yield human vaccines. Along with improving
nutrition and alleviating hunger, genetic modification of crops may also help to conserve
natural resources and improve waste management.

The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.

35. In line 7, the word “yield” most nearly means to _____.

The term “genetic modification” refers to technology that is used to alter the genes
of living organisms. Genetically modified organisms are called “transgenic” if genes
from different organisms are combined. The most common transgenic organisms are
crops of common fruits and vegetables, which are now grown in more than fifty
(5)countries. These crops are typically developed for resistance to herbicides, pesticides,
and disease, as well as to increase nutritional value. Some of these transgenic crops
currently under development might even yield human vaccines. Along with improving
nutrition and alleviating hunger, genetic modification of crops may also help to conserve
natural resources and improve waste management.

36. PASSAGE 8

As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a
disused bell, that hung in the room and communicated, for some purpose now
forgotten, with a chamber in the highest story of the building. It was with great
astonishment, and with a strange inexplicable dread, that, as he looked, he saw this
(5) bell begin to swing. Soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.

This was succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below as if some person were
dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine merchant’s cellar. Then he heard the
noise much louder on the floors below; then coming up the stairs; then coming straight
toward his door.

(10) It came in through the heavy door, and a specter passed into the room before his
eyes. And upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know
him! Marley’s ghost!”

—from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

The word inexplicable means _____.

37. The bell that began ringing _____.

As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a
disused bell, that hung in the room and communicated, for some purpose now
forgotten, with a chamber in the highest story of the building. It was with great
astonishment, and with a strange inexplicable dread, that, as he looked, he saw this
(5) bell begin to swing. Soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.

This was succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below as if some person were
dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine merchant’s cellar. Then he heard the
noise much louder on the floors below; then coming up the stairs; then coming straight
toward his door.

(10) It came in through the heavy door, and a specter passed into the room before his
eyes. And upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know
him! Marley’s ghost!”

—from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

38. The man who was listening to the bell _______.

As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a
disused bell, that hung in the room and communicated, for some purpose now
forgotten, with a chamber in the highest story of the building. It was with great
astonishment, and with a strange inexplicable dread, that, as he looked, he saw this
(5) bell begin to swing. Soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.

This was succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below as if some person were
dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine merchant’s cellar. Then he heard the
noise much louder on the floors below; then coming up the stairs; then coming straight
toward his door.

(10) It came in through the heavy door, and a specter passed into the room before his
eyes. And upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know
him! Marley’s ghost!”

—from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

39. The word specter probably means

As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a
disused bell, that hung in the room and communicated, for some purpose now
forgotten, with a chamber in the highest story of the building. It was with great
astonishment, and with a strange inexplicable dread, that, as he looked, he saw this
(5) bell begin to swing. Soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.

This was succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below as if some person were
dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine merchant’s cellar. Then he heard the
noise much louder on the floors below; then coming up the stairs; then coming straight
toward his door.

(10) It came in through the heavy door, and a specter passed into the room before his
eyes. And upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know
him! Marley’s ghost!”

—from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens

40. The man in the story _____.

As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a
disused bell, that hung in the room and communicated, for some purpose now
forgotten, with a chamber in the highest story of the building. It was with great
astonishment, and with a strange inexplicable dread, that, as he looked, he saw this
(5) bell begin to swing. Soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.

This was succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below as if some person were
dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine merchant’s cellar. Then he heard the
noise much louder on the floors below; then coming up the stairs; then coming straight
toward his door.

(10) It came in through the heavy door, and a specter passed into the room before his
eyes. And upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know
him! Marley’s ghost!”

—from A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens